Friday, March 8, 2013

Wiener Deconvolution: Deriving the final formula


Recently i watched a video which talks about noise and filtering.That why i am posting this.After searching the same in wiki, i didn't see a detailed derivation of the formula. so I thought to write this and post.

Wiener deconvolution is a frequency domain technique which helps to remove the noise if we know the degradation function(H(t)) in advance. The degradation function degrades the image quality. It can be blurring like Gaussian blur or it can be motion blur.

X(x,y) -> Passes through degradation function ->  Some noise gets added here(N) -> our final signal Y(x,y)

If we multiply the Y with Wiener filter then it will provide an approximation of X. Lets call this approximation as X$ .Now am going to write down the full derivation. a part of this is available in wiki. But those who are not remembering complex number maths may find it difficult.

Mean square error between approximation and original data is = E | X(x,y) - X$(x,y) | ^2

but we know X$ is  can be obtained by G(x,y) * Y(x,y)  [ * is convolution operator ]
 = E( | X(x,y) -  G(x,y) * Y(x,y)  |^2)
But if convert all to frequency domain convolution becomes multiplication, ie a(t)*b(t) = a(f)b(f)
Also we know Y is X * H + N
= E(| X -  G ( XH + N)) |^2)
= E(| X -  GXH - GN) |^2)
= E(| (1 -  G H)X - GN) |^2)

if A and B are two complex numbers | A B |^2 = (A B)(AB)* , here * is complex conjugate.

= E(  ((1-GH)X - GN)((1-GH)X - GN)* )
= E(  ((1-GH)X - GN)((1-G*H*)X* - G*N*)) , here all * means complex conjugate

Expanding this is a painful thing. but i am not giving up. So are you ?

= E( ((1-GH)X(1-GH)* XX* - (1-GH)XG*N* - GN(1-GH)*X* + GNG*N* )
= ( (1-GH)(1-GH)* E{|X|^2} - (1-GH)G* E{XN*} - G(1-GH)* E{NX*} + GG* E{|N|^2}
wooha,
Lets assume noise and input signal has no relation,That why it is noise. So we can just ignore the terms E{XN*} ,E{NX*}.I think this is because at a particular frequency we can't find any relation between input data and noise. So the probability is null here. That why taking E( expectation) which sums the probability of values. here since we can't find any probability we can assume it 0.

We can denote S(f) = E{|X|^2} , it is the power spectrum of the complex values of the input data
We can denote N(f) = E{|N|^2} , it is the power spectrum of the complex values of the noise  data

so final equation becomes

minError(f) =  (1-GH)(1-GH)* S + GG*N
Now we need to find the minimum error which we can obtain for G. So following the basic calculus (like how we will find the min value of a function ) . careful about G* ,it is not G. So we can treat that as constant.

d(minError(f)/dG = -H(1-GH)*S + G*N = 0 ,
Now we need to find G from this. we will find it in a minute.


That is  G*N - H[1-GH]*S = 0

G*N = HS[1-GH]*
G*N = HS[1-G*H*]
G*N = S[H-G*HH*]
G*N = S[H-G*|H|^2 ]
G*N = SH-SG*|H|^2 ]
G*N = (G*) [ (1/G*)SH-S|H|^2 ]
N = [ (1/G*)SH - S|H|^2 ]
N + S|H|^2 = SH/G*
G*/SH  = 1/ (N+ S|H|^2 )
G* = SH / ( N+  S HH* ).         Take out s
G* =  SH / S( N/S+ HH* )
N/S is noise to signal ratio, We can replace it with a constant K


G* =  H / (K+ HH* )
G   = H*/ (K+H*H), H*H is |H|^2|
G   = H*/ (K+|H|^2)

Yes we reached the final answer , G = H*/(K+|H|^2).
if you know H, then you can find G, Then just multiply this with Fourier transformed input data. you will get a better picture. Thus you can remove some noise from the input data. In next post i will try to post some samples after applying G or wiener filter. Be ready for it.

2 comments:

Donovan said...

Hello! Thanks for the informative post. Just a few remarks:

1) when you say "Lets assume noise and input signal has no relation, That why it is noise." you make it sound as if it is realistic to always have signal and noise that are uncorrelated, while in real scenarios this is typically an approximation; especially in camera sensors where noise is signal-dependent.

2) The result of your derivation is correct but the proof, in its current state, is not valid because it contains a wrong argumentation: "...careful about G* ,it is not G. So we can treat that as constant...". That is false, and by "coincidence"(?) the Wikipedia entry on Wiener deconvolution contains the same mistake. The complex-conjugate of a variable w.r.t. which you are differentiating cannot be treated as a constant, simply because it is not! Even worse, the derivative of D[GG*] is not defined.

I believe (but I am not sure!) that a possibly correct statement would be that G*(f)=G(-f) under certain assumptions, namely when the convolution kernel is real-valued. In such a case you can treat that G*(f)=G(-f) "as a constant".

Please, if you find a way to minimize that functional without resorting to the assumption of real-valued convolution kernel write it in your blog! I (and surely other readers) would be interested in that.

Donovan said...

About point 2) I finally realized that the derivative operator used in this case is the *Wirtinger derivative*. Under the assumption that the Wirtinger derivative is used, then your proof stands correct as it is.